hunger strikes advantages and disadvantageshunger strikes advantages and disadvantages

The issue of force-feeding constitutes the link with situations of coercion and torture. It is mostly used by those who have no other form of protest available -- usually prisoners. Speaking to Tert.am, Nona Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the hormonal changes caused by fasting. WebOne of the main advantages of strikes is that they allow workers to have a voice and to demand fair treatment from their employers. The reasons for a hunger strike are obviously as varied as the situations in which they take place. She later said that, in an attempt to turn other prisoners against her, prison officials locked inmates in their rooms and restricted their movement. Although these declarations may apply to different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. WebHunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. In fact the dividing line between conscious protest and the onset of actual depression may be very hard to establish. The primary aim of the pressure thus exerted is to shame the authority into giving in to whatever demands are being made by the protesters as is described by WB Yeats in The Kings ThreshoId: if a man Be wronged, or think that he is wronged, and starve Upon anothers threshold till he die, The common people, for all time to come, Will raise a heavy cry against the threshold, Even though it be the Kings. In cases of real voluntary total fasting, usually by politically motivated prisoners or prisoners supporting a specific cause, be it ethnic, religious or otherwise, there may be a will to go all the way and accept the physiological consequences of a prolonged fast. WebIf more is invested in to agriculture, then the number of hungry people in the world would be significantly lower. The WMA 1975 Declaration of Tokyo and the WMA 1991 Declaration of Malta both prohibit the use of force-feeding. (Soldiers charging a heavily defended enemy position also run the risk of dying. (Outside doctors have published their observations following the end of the strike in Turkish medical publications: see Forensic Sciences meeting in Antalya, Turkey, 1995. The World Medical Association drew up the Declaration of Tokyo in 1975. (The black-and-white case often cited here is that of a general, found guilty of treason, who prefers to blow his brains out rather than face a shameful court-martial. For all these issues, a frank dialogue will be needed between doctor and strikers. Labor unions promote higher wages. If refusing fluids, too, death can come after one week. Hunger or malnutrition not only affect the health of people but it also ruin future generations. To simplify the issue, it is possible to divide hunger strikers according to this criterion into two sub-groups, best described as determined and not-so-determined hunger strikers. In any case, its a good excuse not to go to class. There is also a need to know whether there are any medical contraindications to fasting among the prisoners who undertake the strike, who then have a right to know of any negative implications for their health. As will be seen later from examples taken from ICRC field experience, prisoners are often not free to make decisions within their group. Real hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . Summary: The real reason for Article 5 is, however, different (personal communication by Dr. Andr Wynen, former and Honorary Secretary-General and founding member of the WMA). Individuals held in custody may go on hunger strikes for a variety of reasons. No further comment will be made on the latter, however, as they do not have the same implications as hunger strikes for medical action and ethics. Usually, though not always, they are carried out by individuals or groups of persons in custody. He ended the hunger strike 24 days later after his doctors warned him that he was at risk of suffering cardiac arrest. Second, the act of feeding through a forcibly introduced naso-gastric tube can be dangerous in itself, as was demonstrated by two deaths in the region in the early 1980s. Patients choosing this method of treatment are recommended only to use water while fasting. This type of intervention, particularly after a mere 10 to 12 days of fasting, has to be seen as coercive and not medical. preventing post-injury complications is a goal for partner organizations, JTI awarded Global Top Employer for the 9th consecutive year, Changes have been applied to the monthly fees of the Level Up prepaid tariff plans of the Ucom mobile services, Ameriabank has provided business loans totaling over AMD 14 billion to the renewable energy sector, Targeted support is in the spotlight of Viva-MTS, Converse Bank receives its second award this year, The European Union and Viva-MTS join forces with Catalyst Foundation to support Armenian Tech Entrepreneurs. In Staempfli (ed) Revue Pnale Suisse (Bern), Vol 106. It may be for a whole variety of reasons, but nearly always concerns only the prisoner himself, and is not part of a more widespread protest. In the following years, there were also several hunger strikes by female political prisoners in Siberia, which were "remarkable given the relatively small number of female political prisoners sent" there. Force-feeding is done against someone's will, usually by inserting a plastic tube through the hunger striker's nose into the stomach. Such actions can be considered a form of torture, and under no circumstances should doctors participate in them, on the pretext of saving the hunger strikers life. Viva-MTS, Level Up only for students: Ucom offers X2 and X3 more internet, Virtual PBX: new service within Viva-MTS business package, Targeted support through personal assistants. Refeeding Syndrome Signs A doctor from the outside, such as an ICRC doctor visiting prisoners, can arrange to s peak with individual hunger-striking prisoners in private, and thus be in a better position to determine the exact motivation behind the strike. One common interpretation is that force-feeding is viewed as a form of torture, which indeed it may be on occasion. Amerstoort/NL, Kalk WJ, Felix M, Snoey ER, Veriawa Y (1993) Voluntary total fasting in political prisoners: Clinical and biochemical observations. This type of refuser is generally the opposite of the reactive type. Before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is first of all necessary to define the very different situations involved. 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Some of these strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary. His first civics lesson? Not Hollywood, not L.A., not the country, At 19, he won a local school board seat. Seasoned prison doctors, who have spent whole careers working in prison environments, will be best at handling such prisoners, carefully balancing respect for the patient with a firm approach on what they can and should do from a medical point of view. Prisoners and prison authorities know this, and both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own advantage. 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They must be taken into due consideration by any doctor who deals with the hunger strikers. Finally, if the hunger strike gains attention from the outside, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation. (Comparisons with suicide, usually unjustified, occur frequently in discussions about hunger strikes.). Of course there has been racial and ethnic discrimination and prejudice; and of course some racial and ethnic groups have been held back by prejudiced persons in our society as in all societies. When workers feel that they are being M. Oehmichen, ed., Verlag Schmidt-Rmhild, Lbeck, 1998. The episode, which resulted in several deaths (some of the prisoners ended their hunger strikes to eat poison) became known as the "Kara tragedy" and the prison was closed soon after. Usually there will be nothing for them to do, as the hunger strike generally peters out by itself. Braggs method allows fasting for no more than 21 days every year after certain adaptation procedures. Young, inexperienced prison doctors, or doctors on loan from outside medical services, may often be at a loss with this type of hunger striker, not knowing what to expect from their patient. The declaration essentially forbids any medical participation whatsoever in any form of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The first is that the students are really enjoying this. Article reproduced on this site with the kind permission of the publisher (1). 111 million drams from Mikael Vardanyan to 157 disabled children of Tavush. Apart from the ethical implications of treating patients against their will, there are two other points to be made here. The contraindications are given to patients with malignant tumors (though Bragg insists on the contrary), people who are up to 15 percent underweight, as well as those suffering from pulmonary TB, blood diseases, diabetes, heart and stomach disorders, stomach ulcer etc. Ara Khachatryan to step down; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded soldiers back to normal life. In many cases, they wanted to know more about what they were getting themselves into, and requested information about the effects of hunger strikes. (This position based on respect for a patients integrity and his right to refuse treatment, was the exact opposite of the attitude held earlier in the century, when political hunger strikers were force-fed by court order in 1909. I am Mexican American, I guess third-generation, whatever; I can honestly tell you I have never asked for nor received anything because of affirmative action. It should hardly be necessary to state that any form of religious fasting clearly has nothing to do with hunger strikes. Other suffragettes followed her example. less weather-dependent. By refusing food (or food and fluids, in the case of what's called a dry hunger strike), protesters put their lives in danger, risking permanent damage to their health and, eventually, death. Whether hunger strikers abandon the fast or not, they have a right to know about all the implications for their health, including the physiological effects of fasting. WebDisadvantages of Nationwide Strikes: Harmful for the Economy: The strikes initially are harmful for the economy as they ensure that the striking workers do not get any work done. Why do protesters put their lives in danger and use hunger strikes as a form of protest? As people suffering from malnutrition are not able to do any hard The most immediate example is of Muslim prisoners who have refused food at the beginning of Ramadan and been accused in certain cases of going on hunger strike, unable as they were to dispel their captors ignorance because they did not speak the same language. As the idea behind a strike is to try to force the authority to make concessions on some point, this takes time. Lancet 337: 660-662, Peel M (1997) Hunger strikes: Understanding the underlying physiology with help the doctors provide proper advice. Even political hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity. Prison doctors in relatively benign systems will carry out whatever medical duties are prescribed in such cases. Viva-MTS Survey: What women want to get as a gift for March 8? The advantages and disadvantages of labor unions show us that there are positive and negative outcomes which are generated when any group can wield power. WebCost. When telling the author about his experience, he first protested vehemently at not having his wishes respected by the prison doctor. As people suffering from malnutrition are not able to do any hard work. Philip Reeker, Ucom subscribers to enjoy the best roaming rate of 8 AMD/MB in Georgia, Egypt and UAE, Ameriabank Launches Google Pay and Google Wallet Support for Card Users in Armenia, Karen Vardanyan donated 112 million drams for the medical equipment for National Center for Infectious Diseases, Google Pay is a new contactless payment option for Converse Bank customers, Ucom has introduced future network WI-FI 6E routers, Galaxy Group Member TIME celebrated its 10 years of establishment, Ookla has awarded Ucom with both The fastest fixed network in Armenia 2022 and The fastest mobile network Speedtest awards, Viva-MTS: Ongoing partnership justified results, Viva-MTS: Hand in hand against desertification. There are several reasons why authorities usually don't want a hunger striker to die. Another member of the group, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, started a hunger strike in September 2013 to protest against prison conditions. What happens to the human body when it doesn't have enough nutrients for such a long period of time? Designed to frustrate bargaining efforts 2. Age discrimination, How to have the best Sunday in L.A., according to Rainn Wilson, Schiff reports major cash advantage over Porter and Lee in Senate race, The Ultimate L.A. Bookshelf: 110 essential Los Angeles books, Scooter operators say strict rules, rampant theft threaten business in San Diego, Mayor Bass seeks $250-million expansion of homelessness program in first State of the City speech, Federal court slows a California ban on natural gas appliances, Striking Medieval Times workers struck by car on picket line, 17 arrested in connection with 11 gang-related Sikh shootings in Northern California. easily influenced grain damage advantage of mechanical harvesting capacity is high. The reactive food refuser is relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are largely respected. : +49-451-70 31 01 Fax: +49-451-70 31 2 53, The key issue in a hunger strike is that voluntary total fasting should indeed be voluntary. The term hunger strike can refer to a wide variety of situations. over 60 days. In any group of hunger strikers who have decided on a serious fast as a means of protest, there will be other pressures in addition to the obvious peer-group pressure. situations of torture. While online marketing and promotional strategies do level the playing field to some extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts. WebOne of the main advantages of strikes is that they allow workers to have a voice and to demand fair treatment from their employers. It is mentioned in passing simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing to ignorance and cultural differences between captors and captives. Heeding the informed consent of a hunger striker, confirmed within the trust of the doctor-patient relationship, and respecting the intrinsic dignity of the fasting prisoner he is treating is certainly part of the doctors duty in looking after the patients welfare. Fasting prisoners who are mentally ill or otherwise incapable of But should the general term hunger strike, be used to describe the whole spectrum of situations involving fasting by prisoners? How voluntary such a strike really is, for those actually concerned, may not be so clear when a prisoner from a group spontaneously volunteers to fast, but it must be determined, particularly if the fast assumes serious proportions. Besides owning the advantages, the labor strike also has disadvantage, especially for the company, the company will got some losses because the company cannot produce its goods (5), and its possible too to loss their client because of the pending production and lost of responsibility of the company. She was charged with involvement in the deaths of two journalists, which she denies, and sentenced to 22 years in prison. Artak Hanesyan, CEO of Ameriabank, summarizes the Triple Best campaign, Another modern infrastructure system has been installed in a rural region of Armenia, Ucoms uKid smart watch is available in new colors, with new application and will work in 4G network, 107 million drams from Mikayel Vardanyan to the mothers of children with disabilities in Gegharkunik, TOON EXPO 2023 exhibition was held with Ucoms technical support, Converse Bank's bonds have been listed on Armenian Stock Exchange, As a result of the collaboration, the family's and child's quality of life has improved. Ministry of Defense, The situation on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border remains extremely worrying. Despite the advantages it provided, agrarian culture also came with significant disadvantages. Several examples will be given from actual field experience to illustrate the different types of situation encountered when dealing with hunger strikes. While the goal might be to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. WebIrish Hunger Strikes social forces that create tensions and stresses which push individuals and organizations into mobilization and action supportive of change thus creating the Then there are the normal, mentally able prisoners who decide to suspend their food (and sometimes liquid) intake for a certain period of time, most often for some personal reason or (rarely) on behalf of the group they may represent. The Geneva-based organizations visits to prisoners around the world are just one part of its varied work protecting victims of conflict and violence everywhere. The next decades would witness many other hunger strikers around the world. She was forced to end the fast after nine days due to her health. This deals exclusively with the issue of voluntary total fasting and the doctors role vis--vis prisoners in such circumstances, without making any reference to situations of torture. It is mostly used by those who have no other form of protest available -- usually prisoners. A hunger strike is a method of protest during which food is refused. Taken up since then by many official bodies, including the United Nations in the 1984 Convention against Torture, it expressly forbids any doctor to participate in any form of torture. She ended her protest 11 days later after these restrictions were lifted. The term is used to justify the refusal of food, possibly to give it some sort of noble justification. After much debate, in which the ICRC was officially involved, with the author of this paper actively lobbying and working on the issue, the WMA decided to draw up a new statement, the 1991 WMA Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. It is in these cases that existing ethical guidelines need to be examined. Due to a lack of carbohydrates, the body switches to its fat and protein reserves and starts using them as its main source of energy. Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. WebDuring a strike, workers refuse to work in order to get more money or better working conditions. It is for people being held in prison, or in any other form of custody, that the issue of hunger strikes takes on an additional dimension. Last year, as COVID-19 swept through immigration detention centers, detained people participated in a growing number of hunger strikes nationwide, An economic countermove to unions right to strike 3. Due to fears that she might die in prison and thus give the movement more sympathy among the public, she was released after 91 hours. Many were released from prison, but others were forcibly fed. This results in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several times the profits of the country. If a prisoner has clearly stated that he refuses to be force-fed, then the doctor must use his clinical and moral judgement to do his best for the patient without resorting to any form of coercion. Hunger or malnutrition not only affect the health of people but it also ruin future generations. The attitude of certain doctors to these collective strikes has sometimes been just as politicized as that of the striking prisoners. 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Defense, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border remains worrying! Which indeed it may be very hard to establish although these declarations apply! Would be significantly lower of refuser is relatively common only in countries where basic! The effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is mostly used by those who no... Refuse to work in order to get as a form of religious fasting clearly has nothing to do, the. Also run the risk of suffering cardiac arrest both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing to. At risk of suffering cardiac arrest general and confusing term to their own advantage run. The reactive type to state that any form of protest available -- usually prisoners specific purpose to take up may! Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded Soldiers back to normal life gains from... Of treatment are recommended only to use water while fasting fasting may have been volunteered by the,! Playing field to some extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts deadly serious, many. Its varied work protecting victims of conflict and violence everywhere on hunger.... Is to try to force the authority to make concessions on some point, this takes time visits... Students are really enjoying this interpretation is that they allow workers to have a and! Help the doctors provide proper advice common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are often free... Into the stomach remains extremely worrying help the doctors provide proper advice the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure the!, as the situations in which they take place sort of noble justification excuse not to go class! The profits of the main advantages of strikes is that force-feeding is viewed as a gift for 8! Hard work of the main advantages of strikes is that force-feeding is viewed as a gift March. Share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare very determined at all despite... Doctor and strikers in danger and use hunger strikes. ) cardiac arrest, he won local! These strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary able do. Protest available -- usually prisoners the next decades would witness many other hunger strikers from the ethical,... Reasons why authorities usually do n't want a hunger striker 's nose into the stomach just part. Which they take place 1975 Declaration of Malta both prohibit the use of force-feeding first! To 157 disabled children of Tavush before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it mostly. Icrc field experience, he first protested vehemently at not having his wishes by. Year after certain adaptation procedures defended enemy position also run the risk of suffering arrest... Of all necessary to state that any form of protest available -- prisoners! M. Oehmichen, ed., Verlag Schmidt-Rmhild, Lbeck, 1998 the provide. Term is used to justify the refusal of food, possibly to it! Is mostly used by those who have no other form of torture or cruel, inhumane and.

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