The anthropomorphic basis of many myth-systems meant snake-gods were rarely depicted solely as snakes. Two famous faence Snake Goddesses from Knossos belong to the New-Palace period (about 1600 BCE). Medusa has been depicted in several works of art, including: Medusa remained a common theme in art in the nineteenth century, when her myth was retold in Thomas Bulfinch's Mythology. Another repeating theme that is observed is the serpents association with the earth, the universe, and mankinds creation. The Hopi people of North America viewed snakes as symbols of healing, transformation, and fertility. Totally different ritual objects of the Snake Goddesses came from sanctuaries of the Post-Palace period (1400-1100 BCE). In India, snake worship has a longstanding tradition, as "nagas" are ranked high in Hindu mythology. All of Medusa's siblings were monsters by birth and, even though she was not, she had the misfortune of being turned . "From Gorgon and Ceto, Sthenno, Euryale, Medusa". doi: 10.1516/00207570260172975. She claims "we must kill the false woman who is preventing the live one from breathing. We have to take into consideration that the material of the New-Palace Snake Goddesses faence symbolized in old Egypt the renewal of life, and therefore was used in the Minoan funeral cult and in sanctuaries. Gorgon Medusa. It wasnt until Egypts New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) that her serpent cult flourished. This Egyptian cobra goddess on our list is known to be guardian of childbirth and children. Saint George killing a maiden-devouring serpent or Saint Columba lecturing the Loch Ness Monster which then stopped eating humans and became shy of human visitors. Worshippers bathe in and jump from the ledges into the pools as a way to honor them and ensure that they provide things like fertility of the land and its people, and protection from the poisons (wrath) of its bite. Posted 3 years ago. [24][25], The Hopi people of North America performed an annual snake dance to celebrate the union of Snake Youth (a Sky spirit) and Snake Girl (an Underworld spirit), and to renew fertility of Nature. In East Asia snake-dragons watched over good harvests, rain, fertility and the cycle of the seasons, whilst in ancient Greece and India, snakes were considered to be lucky and snake-amulets were used as talismans against evil. Verechelen - mythical creature between a dragon and a snake, often depicted with multiple heads, originating from Volga Bulgaria. [12], An ancient Roman carving of the Medusa, now spolia in use as a column base in the Basilica Cistern, Coins of the reign of Seleucus I Nicator of Syria (312280 BC), The Medusa's head central to a mosaic floor in a tepidarium of the Roman era. In North America, the Brule Sioux people told of three brothers transformed into rattlesnakes which permanently helped and guided their human relatives. Athena, also spelled Athene, in Greek religion, the city protectress, goddess of war, handicraft, and practical reason, identified by the Romans with Minerva. Until recently, some northern European communities held well dressing ceremonies to appease the snake-spirits which lived in village wells and told legends of saints defeating malevolent lake-snakes e.g. Manasa Devi is the goddess of snakes who is worshipped in Bengal, Jharkhand and the northeastern parts of India. Before the soul can reach Jaaniiw in order to reincarnate (cii in Serer[4]), it must transform into a black snake. Imagery of two intertwined serpents is associated with this snake goddess, while her major themes include rebirth and the transformation of the spirit throughout lifes journey. Where they roamed, other animals awoke. The Snake Goddess is a provocative image, but its restoration and interpretation are problematic. The gods were well aware of this, and Perseus received help. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. Oftentimes this snake god Naga is described as a cobra, and its believed that the planets are held within his hoods. Being the sister of Vasuki, she has extensive familial connection to the rest of the Nagas in Hinduism, including Adishesha and Takshaka, with Astika being her beloved son. Available from, Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The animal, awake, has no fictional escape from the Real because he has no imagination. Mushussu was viewed as a guardian spirit more than anything, linked closely to Marduk, the chief god of Babylonia, after Marduk defeated it in battle. Harrison's translation states that "the Gorgon was made out of the terror, not the terror out of the Gorgon."[12]. The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans. [33][34] In this interpretation of Medusa, attempts to avoid looking into her eyes represent avoiding the ostensibly depressing reality that the universe is meaningless. Afraid that he would grant man immortality, Zeus killed Asclepius. Classic Medusa, in contrast, is an Oedipal/libidinous symptom. Could this be something meant to bring to Egypt. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Yet the Greek economy, unlike that of the . The interpretation of this figure as a goddess is also difficult, since there is no evidence of what a Minoan goddess might have looked like. [32] "You only have to look at the Medusa straight on to see her," writes Cixous. As seen on the Ishtar Gate of Babylon (located in modern day Hillah, Iraq), Mushussu is an amalgam creature. Now, we all know that Ireland had never had snakes. Another significant thing about Vasuki is that he has a gem referred to as the nagamani on his head. In ancient Aztec mythology, Quetzalcoatl was the son of the fertility earth goddess, Cihuacoatl, and cloud serpent and hunting god, Maxicoat. Free shipping for many products! In Freud's interpretation: "To decapitate = to castrate. There are discussions concerning the functions of the Snake Goddess. "[12] In the Odyssey xi, Homer does not specifically mention the Gorgon Medusa: Lest for my daring Persephone the dread, [22] This creature, known in Akkadian as the muuu, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem. the secrets of herself). On the other hand, a few renditions do portray him as a crocodile. Free delivery for many products! Her death and eventual transformation suggests the ceasing of the natural life cycle that she represented. Hymns and offerings were made to it since it was believed that the Goddess could manifest through the snake. He is almost always portrayed as a serpent or dragon depending on the particular myth. Another symbol that is associated with Ningishzida is an image of the great serpent Basmu wound around a branch. When Perseus beheaded her, Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a giant wielding a golden sword, sprang from her body. Once upon a time, in the ancient world, Medusa was little more than a terrifying monster. In the British writer Iris Murdochs novel A Severed Head (1961), the heroine is a Medusa figure. A great degree of respect is afforded to snakes in Serer culture, as they are the very embodiment and symbol of their saints and ancestral spirits. Angitia, Oscan Goddess of Snakes and Healing. This article was most recently revised and updated by, From Athena to Zeus: Basics of Greek Mythology, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Medusa-Greek-mythology, Ancient Origins - The Real Story of Medusa: Protective Powers from a Snake-Haired Gorgon, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Medusa in Ancient Greek Art, Medusa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). It is said that during Ragnarok, the doomsday of Norse mythology, Jormungandr leaves the sea when he releases his tail from his mouth, causing the ocean to flood. Their genealogy is shared with other sisters, the Graeae, as in Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound, which places both trios of sisters far off "on Kisthene's dreadful plain": Near them their sisters three, the Gorgons, winged From his point of view the attribute of the goddess a snake was a form of an underworld spirit, which had domestic and a friendly significance. It is immediately obvious that the Gorgons are not really three but one + two. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The rape of Medusa in the temple of Athena: aspects of triangulation in the girl. Also, in Norse mythology, the snake biting its tail (Ouroboros) symbolized the sea as the eternal ring which enclosed the world. In classical Greek art, the depiction of Medusa shifted from hideous beast to an attractive young woman, both aggressor and victim, a tragic figure in her death. When Perseus beheaded her, Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a giant wielding a golden sword, sprang from her body.[11]. The 2nd-century BC novelist Dionysios Skytobrachion puts her somewhere in Libya, where Herodotus had said the Berbers originated her myth as part of their religion. 3. Snakes were called upon by the creator of Kerala, Parasurama, to make the saline land fertile. There are no recorded instances of Medusa turning a woman to stone. Actually this one is both. an actual historic rupture, a sort of sociological trauma, which has been registered in this myth, much as what Freud terms the latent content of a neurosis is registered in the manifest content of a dream: registered yet hidden, registered in the unconscious yet unknown or misconstrued by the conscious mind.[17]. She was usually represented as a winged female creature having a head of hair consisting of snakes; unlike the Gorgons, she was sometimes represented as very beautiful. Furthermore, the venomous vipers of the Sahara, in the Argonautica 4.1515, Ovid's Metamorphoses 4.770 and Lucan's Pharsalia 9.820, were said to have grown from spilt drops of her blood. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Biblical story of the fall of man tells of how Adam and Eve were deceived into disobeying God by a snake (identified as Satan by both Paul and John in II Corinthians and Revelation, respectively). Article created on Saturday, February 19, 2000. Greek myth held that people could acquire second hearing and second sight if their ears or eyes were licked by a snake. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/snake-gods-and-goddesses/. With the Snake Goddess, Evans foundor fashionedwhat he had anticipated. She is a deity in the form of a giant cobra. During that time, Medusa was pregnant by Poseidon. This venom becomes Thors eventual cause of death, as he is only able to walk nine paces from the dead world serpent before succumbing to his own battle wounds. Inscribe the breath of the whole woman. He received a mirrored shield from Athena, sandals with gold wings from Hermes, a sword from Hephaestus and Hades's helm of invisibility. Meanwhile, folk medicine throughout Africa, Asia, and South America requires a nagamani (also known as snake stone, vipers stone, or the cobra pearl) for healing snakebites. This was, in some measure, to match the other nearly complete figurine found in the Temple Repositories, which clearly had snakes slithering up both of her arms. In classical antiquity, the image of the head of Medusa appeared in the evil-averting device known as the Gorgoneion. Krishna, as you could guess, was victorious and arose from the river dancing across Kaliyas hoods while playing a flute. The idea of snake-people living below the Earth was prominent in American myth. Since Medusa was the only one of the three Gorgons who was mortal, Perseus was able to slay her while looking at the reflection from the mirrored shield he received from Athena. Ancient Egyptians believed that Apep was around before the creation of the world, and that he was a creature of darkness and disarray. In Egyptian myth, every morning the serpent Aapep (symbolising chaos) attacked the Sunship (symbolizing order). Snakes were regularly regarded as guardians of the Underworld or messengers between the Upper and Lower worlds, because they lived in cracks and holes in the ground. To start, ye old snakes can be considered the epitome of multitaskers. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Not only did Astika turn out to save Takshaka, one of the King of Nagas and a companion of Indra, but he also successfully petitioned the king to end the prosecution of snakes throughout the realm. In the state of Kerala, India, snake shrines occupy most households. He named the pits the Temple Repositories and immediately set upon the reconstruction of as much as he could, with special interest in the figurines, which he assumed were of goddesses. Many are familiar with the Greek tale of the Gorgons, for instance, monstrous sisters with snakes for hair who turned people to stone at a mere glance (per Greek Mythology).Shiva, one of Hinduism's prime deities, is often depicted with the King of Snakes, Vasuki, coiled around his neck . Naturally, these creation stories varied from People and respective Nations who have their own name for the life-giving snake. Best known as being the Lord of Chaos, or the god of death, Apep is no ordinary snake. [22] A dragon-like creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the Hellenistic Period (323 BC31 BC). Who is the goddess with snakes on her head? These ritualistic objects were influenced by Mycenaean culture. This symbol has many interpretations, one of which is the snake representing cyclical nature of life and death, life feeding on itself in the act of creation. Tiresias gained a dual male-female nature and an insight into the supernatural world when he killed two snakes which were coupling in the woods. Besides the ritual function, they are among the best examples of Minoan art with its dominant features naturalism and grace. Manasa, goddess of snakes, worshipped mainly in Bengal and other parts of northeastern India, chiefly for the prevention and cure of snakebite and also for fertility and general prosperity. The serpent plays an active role in Dogon religion and cosmogony. Furthermore, following the trend with other snake deities, this feathered serpent was revered as the embodiment of life, death, and rebirth. In Egypt the snake has healing abilities. Both circles and spirals were seen as symbols of eternity. Zilant - mythical creature between a dragon and a wyvern, originating in Kazan. However, Saint Patrick is credited with driving the snakes from Ireland. As you could imagine, this bears a striking resemblance to Hermes Caduceus although there is no relation between the two. [22] Representations of two intertwined serpents are common in Sumerian art and Neo-Sumerian artwork[22] and still appear sporadically on cylinder seals and amulets until as late as the thirteenth century BC. Direct link to David Alexander's post Are there other examples , Posted a year ago. "In a hymn to the goddess Mertseger, a workman on the Necropolis of Thebes relates how the goddess came to him in the form of a snake to heal his illness (Bunn1967:617). Initially described as an average Joe in Homers Iliad, Asclepius went on to be deified across ancient Greece for his medical prowess. Their name roughly translates to Venomous Snake and they seem to represent rebirth, death, and mortality. Lastly, Wadjet is said to be one of the many goddesses that composed the Eye of Ra: A group that included Hathor, Sekhmet, Bastet, Raet, and Mut. Generally described to be handsome creatures, Nagas are associated with bodies of water and safeguarding treasure. Said he: "The profoundest instinct in man is to war against the truth; that is, against the Real. The head of Medusa is featured on some regional symbols. The serpent deities of ancient Egypt cover all aspects of these simultaneously adored and feared creatures, from their highs to their lows. The presiding deity here is Nagaraja - a five-headed snake god born to human parents as a blessing for their caretaking of snakes during a fire. Hygieia's primary attribute was a large snake, which was one of her father's symbols as well. Also, he cannot be having a great time when his siblings include the demon wolf Fenrir and the Norse goddess of death, Hel. Early depictions at Tetihucan usually show two snake gods: one looking inward to the city (Quetzalcoatl) and the other looking outward. She made humans one at a time with clay. In her serpent form she is described as an ebony snake with human ears, so if you come across this very specific snake hunkering down in your attic, you better leave it alone! I mean, what is a dragon but a very large snake? Other ritual figurines of the Snake Goddess were found in the Temple Repositories of the Knossos palace and public sanctuaries in Gournia, Chania and Gortyn, where she was worshiped. One day, Lord Krishna got into a fight with the serpent when he tried to retrieve a ball that had fallen into the bubbling river. The Mayan sky-goddess was a common attribute. Direct link to Lynne Peuker's post I understand that Cretans, Posted 2 months ago. "[25][incomplete short citation], Medusa's visage has since been adopted by many women as a symbol of female rage; one of the first publications to express this idea was a feminist journal called Women: A Journal of Liberation in their issue one, volume six for 1978. As it turns out, snakes were oftentimes viewed as guardians of a variety of treasure! Heracles (Hercules) is said to have obtained a lock of Medusas hair (which possessed the same powers as the head) from Athena and given it to Sterope, the daughter of Cepheus, as a protection for the town of Tegea against attack; when exposed to view, the lock was supposed to bring on a storm, which put the enemy to flight. Medusa is widely known as a monstrous creature with snakes in her hair whose gaze turns men to stone. Snakes were also commonly associated with water especially myths about the primordial ocean being formed of a huge coiled snake as in Ahi/Vritra in early Indian myth and Jormungand in Nordic myth. According to Hesiod and Aeschylus, she lived and died on Sarpedon, somewhere near Cisthene. This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 16:22. [37][incomplete short citation]. As far as looks go, she is described as having an ever-flared hood, as if poised to attack any moment. Like many of the minor gods and goddesses in ancient Greek religion, there were few, if any, specific myths about Hygieia's actions and personality. Many scholars today agree that Saint Patrick did not literally exterminate the animal, but this story represents the way Christianity squashed the traditional Celtic religion and Druidic worship. Manasa Devi - The Snake Goddess. [1] Although not entirely a snake, the plumed serpent, Quetzalcoatl, in Mesoamerican culture, particularly Mayan and Aztec, held a multitude of roles as a deity. Johnston goes on to say that as Medusa has been repeatedly compared to Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, she proves her merit as an icon, finding relevance even in modern politics. As a result, God banishes Adam and Eve from the garden and curses the snake. Although no earlier version speaks of rape, ancient depictions of Medusa as a beautiful maiden instead of a horrid monster predate Ovid. Besides being the guardian of the home and worldly possessions, Eopsin is also a mother to seven other Korean goddesses according to the Chilseong Bonpuli. Medusa was beheaded by the Greek hero Perseus, who then used her head, which retained its ability to turn onlookers to stone, as a weapon[4] until he gave it to the goddess Athena to place on her shield. Candia-Iraklion, Arheologik Mousso. This divine creature became the symbol of fertility goddesses across Mesopotamia, as well as the birthing process; this is specifically when Basmu is shown with a protruding horn. The Aztec underworld, Mictlan was protected by python-trees, a gigantic alligator and a snake, all of which spirits had to evade by physical ducking and weaving or cunning, before they could start the journey towards immortality. Medusa was the only Gorgon who was mortal; hence her slayer, Perseus, was able to kill her by cutting off her head. [11][12][13], In the Sumerian culture snakes were also very important as a healing symbol. After digging out the entire western wing, he decided to check under the paving stones. The Snake Goddess is a provocative image, but its restoration and interpretation are problematic. It is believed that Nagaraja left his earthly life and took Samadhi but still resides in a chamber of the temple. Two Snake Goddesses from the palace of Knossos, c. 1600 B.C.E., majolica, 34.2 cm and 29.5 cm high (Archaeological Museum of Heraklion, photo: Jill_Ion, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0). Fortunately for Hercules, he got aid from a nephew, Iolaus, who used a brand to cauterize the hydras neck stump before other heads could sprout from it. Figures of the Snake Goddess and other cult objects the so-called snake tubes and vessels with holes, decorated by a model of a snake illustrate the worship of a Snake Goddess and her cult in Crete during certain periods. Cixous calls writing "an act which will not only 'realize' the decensored relation of woman to her sexuality, to her womanly being, giving her access to her native strength; it will give her back her goods, her pleasures, her organs, her immense bodily territories which have been kept under seal." In Hindu mythology, Nagas are divine beings that are half-serpent, and can assume the form of a human or of a snake. Punishment of those who wronged her and insulted those buried within the Necropolis would include blindness and deadly snakebites. But the snake also had negative role as an originator of the death and as an avenger in the company of mythical creatures. She is also celebrated in a variety of songs, dances, and dramas in the villages. Int J Psychoanal. Athena was often pictured with the G orgoneion - the head of Medusa. There is a chapter in the Book of the Dead that gives a detailed list of all these gods and the region they are associated with. Athena was often pictured with snakes along the edges of her clothing. Jane Ellen Harrison argues that "her potency only begins when her head is severed, and that potency resides in the head; she is in a word a mask with a body later appended the basis of the Gorgoneion is a cultus object, a ritual mask misunderstood. More or less, the fact there are no more snakes in Ireland, and snakes are Corras primary manifestation, suggests that pagan religion and reverence for the goddess toppled under Christianity. Kuru was a tribal union across the northernmost reaches of Iron Age India (1200-900 BCE). Evans found the sculpture of the Snake Goddess in a secondary exploration of the complex he called a palace at Knossos. For this reason, it is taboo in Serer culture to kill snakes. One example is that of the flag and emblem of Sicily, together with the three-legged trinacria. Ma Manasa Devi, the snake goddess, is worshiped by Hindus, mainly for the prevention and cure of snakebites and infectious diseases like smallpox and chicken pox as well as for prosperity and fertility. In Hammurabis Law Code (c. 1700 BC) the god Ninazu is identified as the patron of healing, and his son, Ningishzida, is depicted with a serpent and staff symbol (Bunn 1967:618), Snakes were a common feature of many creation myths, for example many people in California and Australia had myths about the Rainbow Snake, which was either Mother Earth herself giving birth to all animals or a water-god whose writhing created rivers, creeks and oceans. Two images of Wadjet appear on this carved wall in the Hatshepsut Temple at Luxor. Direct link to ms.lorealla's post What did the people use t, Posted 2 years ago. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The snakes crawl around the body of one the goddesses and appear in each hand of the other. Messy family dynamics aside, the most famous aspect of Asclepius was not his paternity nor his untimely death. [20][21][22][23] The name "Medusa" itself is often used in ways not directly connected to the mythological figure but to suggest the gorgon's abilities or to connote malevolence; despite her origins as a beauty, the name in common usage "came to mean monster. "Medusa has since haunted Western imagination, materializing whenever male authority feels threatened by female agency," writes Johnston. snakes symbolized the umbilical cord, joining all humans to Mother Earth. Medusa - whose name probably comes from the Ancient Greek word for "guardian" - was one of the three Gorgons, daughters of the sea gods Phorcys and Ceto, and sisters of the Graeae, Echidna, and Ladon. Zahhak - an evil serpent creature, originating in Persian mythology and folklore. 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