This system meant that people living in these materially simple social systems had enormous amounts of free time and often developed elaborate religious rites which took a lot of their time, but also had highly developed systems of games and recreation. The roof of the house was built with interwoven yaguas and mud, to prevent water leaks in times of rain. 17 Taino House Furniture in the Taino House Hammock 18 ACTIVITY Make a model of the Taino house in groups of four Materials needed Palm wood Palm leaves Bamboo, straw Popsicles stickes Glue 19 RELIGION The Tainos/Arawaks were polytheistic . In 1655 when the English expelled the Spaniards, Tainos were still recorded as living in Jamaica. What year did the Tainos come to Jamaica? The Cacique would sit on his carved stool. Students have explored and discovered historical facts about a Taino custom. However, they had special houses such as the Bohio and Caneye for the Tainos in which the Bohio refer to the chief's house and the Caneye was the family house for the regular Tainos. This topic, "The Tainos of Jamaica: Dwellings" highlight the customary practice of theTainos making thatched roofed huts for shelter. This was done by digging holes at the side of a rapid part of a river. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. They had long been . Jamaica had very little gold. One is the Classic Tano, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. BeLatina. - Bell Hooks, Religious worship and obeisance to the zemi themselves, Dancing in the village court during special festivals of thanksgiving or petition, Medicine men, or priests, consulting the zemi for advice and healing. Groups will sketch a design of what your Taino house will look like using the video below as a guide, capturing the basic design. They were not immune to European diseases, especially smallpox, and the Spanish worked them unmercifully in the mines and fields. An arawak is the first set of people that lived on the caribbean island . <> They varied in size from one inch up to nine inches in length. Groups will gather all the necessary materials (cardboard, match sticks, popsicle sticks, glue, palm leaves, bamboo, etc.) They feasted on over forty varieties of fish. What are Mohawk tribe houses are made of? What is the meaning of caneye? Columbus thought that tano was the name of the people. The Tainos made much simpler weapons for battle. The Tano were a historic indigenous people of the Caribbean, whose culture has been continued today by Tano descendant communities and Tano revivalist communities. . Shelter came in the form of the caneye and the bohio. The content of the article adheres to our principles of editorial ethics. The villages in the Bahamas were the smallest. Custom sizing and finishes also available. Nose and ear piercing was also popular. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Your email address will not be published. The bohio was rectangular and sometimes had a portico and was . Tano society is divided into two classes. These houses were furnished with a hammock and in some instances a stool. The small canoes where reserved for rivers since they were easier to maneuver on narrow . These balls were made of an elastic substance produced by boiling the roots of certain trees and herbs. Taino food was carefully prepared and they knew how to roast, stew and bake. What is the meaning of caneye in tainos words? Their main furniture was a hammock and wooden stools. What Indigenous tribes are in El Salvador? Wiki User. TAINO HUTS. The Taino were the first people of the New World to encounter the Europeans as they expanded westwards, and soon were to face harsh slavery and virtual extinction. What are some things the Tsimshian tribe made? 1. In some parts they sometimes tied parts of their limbs very tightly that it would become thin. The houses did not contain much furniture. What did the Tainos contribute to Jamaica? The Tainos' typically circular houses were made from poles covered with palm leaves. The Spanish later noted this underclass calling them the Naborias. Here Columbus was greeted by a cacique who Columbus considered the most intelligent and civilized cacique in the Antilles, both he and his warriors were splendidly dressed in bright feathered cloaks and head dress with ornaments, made of semiprecious stones, around their necks and on their foreheads, their faces and bodies painted with various colours. Bohios - Huts built by indigenous people of circular or rectangular shape. The natives of the interior relied more on agriculture and de-emphasized meat or fish in their diet., The Taino had a developed system of agriculture which was environmentally friendly and almost maintenance free. Not only did she enjoy a materially superior lifestyle, but her children were held in high esteem., HOUSING AND DRESS It will ge. The sun and moon, for example, came out of caves. They had cotton ropes for defensive purposes and some spears with fish hooks on the end. In Cuba and Hispaniola ashes and urine was used to fertilize land and irrigation ditches were dug out. Why fibrous material has only one falling period in drying curve? . Other materials used for fishing were bone-tipped harpoons and bone and turtle shell hooks. They decorated their bodies with tattoo marks, feathers, paints ornaments and necklace of beads. All rights reserved. These houses were furnished with a hammock and in some instances a stool. For example, they lived at Ewarton Jamaica which was twenty-four kilometers from the coast. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano&oldid=8732801, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. and make an original Taino house( not a copy of the house in the video). There are also bohiques (medicine men). This is a root crop from which a poisonous juice must be squeezed. Where does the last name Cacique come from? Sometimes they tainos had gold plugs in their nose or other hanging ornaments. They used nets made of vegetable fibre. % The women simply disappeared. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In all Taino settlements several families shared one house called the CANEYE. A ball game, batos, played on a mark field (batey). What experience do you need to become a teacher? Most men had 2 or 3 wives, but the caciques had as many as 30. These houses were simple in design and frail in appearance. Welcome to this exciting Webquest about the Tainos' dwellings. What type of homes did the Haudenosaunee live in? Do we take shelter under roofs of mud and palm trees? The Arawak/Taino were polytheists and their gods were called zemi. In fact, the hut would be used during colonial times to keep Caribbean slaves in check, who in turn began to live not only with slaves brought from Africa, but also with Chinese coolies. It was smaller than a bohio and was circular instead of rectangular. What Native American tribes lived in what is now New Mexico? The former was rectangular and was lived in by the ordinary Tainos while the latter, circular in shape, was occupied by the Cacique. There are the naborias (common people) and the nitanos (nobles). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The bohio (chief's house) and the caneye (family house). However, they were quite strong as they could withstand hurricanes or strong winds. Why has it changed? The thatched roofed hut of a Taino household was called a bohio (boh-ee-oh). Man brought woman from an island where there were only women., The origin of the oceans was in a huge flood which occurred when a father murdered his son (who was about to murder the father), and then put his bones in a calabash. It was primarily used for tools and especially religious artifacts., The men were generally naked, but the women sometimes wore short skirts. The Indians practiced polygamy. The Taino had little furniture within their houses. They made cassava powder by squeezing out the poisonous juice. People slept in cotton hammocks or simply on mats of banana leaves. What culture developed Pueblo architecture? [1], Rouse divides the Tanos into three main groups. To prove to everyone that he was the chief. Archeologists call them "sub-Tanos". Columbus thought that tano was the name of the people. As mentioned earlier the cacique was the head of the village. They did this with the help of their domestic animals a breed of barkless dogs called alcos. They would undergo severe punishment for this crime. The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of South America and of the Caribbean. Later archaeologists were to discover English lead shot amongst Taino artifacts, and almost 60 years earlier in 1596 English privateer Sir Anthony Shirley sacked St. Jago de la Vega (later Spanish Town), after being guided there by Taino tribesmen. The Tainos have left their mark on the territory, and today, we see remnants of their existence. Atthe time of Columbus there were five different kingdoms on the island of Hispaniola. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Each day the Taino hunter would send a number of dry calabashes down the stream. Learn more about the Taino religion, mythology, and gods. The former was rectangular and was lived in by the ordinary Tainos while the latter, circular in shape, was occupied by the Cacique. endobj (At that time, the Bahamas were called the Lucayas). Native American religion, Christianity. Groups will display their Taino Model house in the "Taino Customs Corner". What houses did the Popol Vuh twins visit? The cacique and his family lived in a rectangular house called bohio. However, the most creative way was the method used to catch waterfowl. By 1531 the number was down to 600. Large stones were arranged so that spectators could watch. If you travel to Cuba, discover its cultural charms beyond the typical highlights tourist is a must, being Los bohos a good example of that ethnic, ancestral and naturist Cuba that still survives in some corners of the island. They sometimes chose sites situated on top of the hills as a precaution against surprise attacks. This was said to cause a state of unconsciousness. In turn, the reeds and palm leaves were used to raise the walls, the elements of which were tied with vines. Some bohios have double-reed walls filled with rubble and plastered with mud, whereas others are little more than lean-tos of palm leaves and bamboo. They also made wooden chairs with woven seats, couches and built cradles for their children., In addition to houses the typical Arawak/Taino village contained a flat court in the center of the village which was used for ball games and various festivals, both religious and secular. Wiki User. What are the names of the third leaders called? The Tanos built large round houses called bohio, where several families lived. The Tano of Hispaniola were politically organized at the time of contact into at least five hereditary chiefdoms called cacicazgos. Full path to article: Absolut Travel The Taino dwelling. When the Africans came beginning in 1507 they introduced mud and wattle as primary building materials. But, they did find some sexless creatures roaming around and eventually captured them. In this way, the newcomers began to erect their homes thanks to new materials, resulting in the typical hut of Taino Cuba known as a boho. The Tanos established their dwellings on a rounded plan, erected with very strong log posts and beams so that the structure could withstand the capricious winds of the Caribbean. Thus any Arawak/Taino home might house a hundred people. It is an arawak's house. Did you find mistakes in interface or texts? Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. An arawak is the first set of people that lived on the caribbean island . As the hereditary head chief of Tano tribes, the cacique was paid significant tribute. Each one had about 10-15 men and their whole families. Accessorizing their bodies and painting it were also done to protect themselves from evil spirits. <>>> What did the Ojibwa tribe make their houses or homes out of? This meal usually served the whole family for days as lizard tail or other preservative would be added to itThe Tainos ate a variety of meat as well such as birds, conies, utia, iguanas, yellow snakes, turtles and manatee or sea-cows. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Caneye family house; Kalinagos. The caneye was for the common people and consisted of a rounded building. What is the round house in Native American culture? Youtube. The Taino did not wear clothing, except for a small apron worn by married women; they lived in huts made of woven cane, round ones (bohios) for the general population, square ones (caneyes) for the caciques. However, given the number of wives he might have, this constituted a huge family. Your email address will not be published. Women and men danced separately, but when there is a marriage ceremony of a cacique both sexes would dance together. It was built in a rectangular shape but it was often hard to form the cacique house into this shape. In order to guide students in the creation of theirmodel house, the following steps will be taken: Step 1. These numbers seem to be based on very little reliable evidence and are thought to be gross exaggerations. The zemi take on strange forms like toads, turtles, snakes, alligators and various distorted and hideous human faces., The zemi, as well as dead caciques, have certain powers over the natural world and must be dealt with. They mainly occupied the islands of the Greater Antilles (with the exception of Trinidad) in islands such as The Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica. Access to a school computer/tablet/or a laptop for the pair of students. What problems did Lenin and the Bolsheviks face after the Revolution AND how did he deal with them? About Glenn Woodley Another famous food which was eaten by the Tainos was the pepper pot soup. The floor of the house was earthen. What is the name of the cacique House? Otherwise, you can always be guided by that cloud of smoke that gives away the owner of a hut cooking the first coffee in the morning. Batey was also the name of the place where they played and had dances. Some of these were cultivated on farm plots which were called conucos. They also participated in hunting and farming. Since there were hardwoods on the island, they did have a war club made of macana. The Socio-economic Structure of the Tainos, Socio-Economic Structure of the Kalinagos. They lived in family houses called caneyes. It was noted at this time that rural farmers spoke a dialect that was mixture of Spanish, Taino and African languages. x\Ys8~w&xs7-_:C24IPn(2FhjY5Igiz~Ky6(nOy|P%% 81_Hy|t19>:{cdv|F0x> bKmD5]?>zP,{2D.u\xZKB~C~"XiiWGa4r*o? The Tainos/Arawaks called the tobacco plant cohiba, and tabaco also referred to the pipe in which the leaves were smokes. Tobacco was cultivated on a large scale for purpose. They had a complex animist spirituality, worshipping Zemis or carved wooden gods and believed in Hupias or Opiyes, spirits of the dead, who roamed the night.The Jamaican word duppy most likely stems from this word. The Indigenous Peoples of the Americas 100916, A table showing the Comparative Analysis of two, tainos - an indigenous group of the americas, Use your online textbook in Blackboard to read pages 110, Migration and The Early Caribbean Culture, Political Structure This was not as rigid or as well, 2013 - 2023 studylib.net all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. What is a Caneye? of cotton. For example doves were caught using nets while parrots where caught with a noose. What is the meaning of caneye in tainos words? The museum at White Marl, outside of Spanish Town, has a good collection of Taino artifacts on permanent display. Another is the Western Tano or sub-Tano, from . endobj You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. , (As an aside I would like to comment that many people in the pre-Columbian Americas had virtually work free agriculture. They packed the conuco with leaves which improved drainage and protected it from soil erosion. Materials to make a model of the chosen type of house. Specifically, the term Arawak has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Tano, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. What were the homes of the tribe Crow made of? Their diet consisted mainly of seafood and cassava. This was about 1 thick and reminds one very much of the cocomaque stick used in later Haitian days. Despite the fact that in the beginning the huts were rather round and with a conical roof, they also happened to have a rectangular shape supported under a gabled roof, inspiring a colonial architecture deployed during the five hundred years after the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The current method of doing this in Haiti produces a flat bread, sort of like a stale burrito or pizza shell. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB12lOoA8bo. Most of the Arawak of the Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest. Their culture was different from the culture of the Arawak people (another indigenous group of South America). Identify the . They are an important part of our nation's history and cultural and national identity. 3. They prepared their food in a variety of ways. Florida Museum. What Indigenous people are from Michoacan? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Tainos lived in Bohios (huts).The Cacike (Chief) lived in a regtangular shaped one called Caney (Long house) this shape was adopted after the conquest. Each one had about 10-15 men and their whole families. The Tano culture developed in the Greater Antilles. What is a Bohio house? Artificial fish ponds were also made in Hispaniola. These people could be described as mild, simple, generous, honest, and peaceful. Aesthetically pleasing, very neat, accurate shape, presentable, Video ofthe group making the model Taino house (1 point) Total Score: 45. The Tainos made their dug-out canoes from the trunks of cedar or silk cotton tree. These houses reflect the warmth of the climate and simply used mud, straw and palm leaves. 2014-10-06 22:17:47. Further archaeological finds were later to confirm that Taino extinction was a myth, although being enslaved and cruelly treated by Europeans, some Taino did survive. However, in some cases the Tainos used more advanced methods of agriculture. It's assumed that the students have some knowledge of Taino society in Jamaica. They often raided the more peaceful Arawak/Tainos, killing off the men, stealing and holding the women for breeding, and fattening the children to eat.. He believed it will make him wiser. The costal natives relied heavily on fishing, and tended to eat their fish either raw or only partially cooked. Despite having no windows, the huts had good ventilation since the natural materials used were fresh and allowed better perspiration. How did the Taino adapt to their environment? The tainos preferred to smoke using tabaco especially at feast. THE TAINO FAMILY The Taino Community The Tainos lived in very small villages and their houses caneye were usually near the sea. Describe the Caneye. This . <> (There are many surviving stone carvings of the cacique on his stool.) Groups will gather all the . What are the Native Indigenous groups of Guatemala? After two teams were formed (usually two villages playing against each other) the ball was thrown and hit from side to side using the body to hit the ball into the opposing teams goal line. These hammocks where made of either cotton strings or woven cloth which were sometimes dyed in bright colours. How did Spanish conquistadors treat the Tainos? The third is the Eastern Tano, from the Virgin Islands to Montserrat.[2]. Larger buildings housed the royal family of the Cacique chief and his family as . Bohios were made of tree trunks, wooden posts, and palm leaves. They also grew corn, squash, beans, peppers, sweet potatoes, yams, peanuts as well as tobacco. The former was rectangular and was lived in by the ordinary Tainos while the latter, circular in . 0q\?Nb"=f'GSctD17sq}`)H ri9%m=YSXn`l1[+j9T;50avj2!6 ik2s";\GLv\v7xEJk<-] sh` The canoe was the only method of transportation that the natives used to travel up and down rivers as well as oceans. These houses were furnished with a hammock and in some instances a stool. According to archaeologist Laura Del Olmo Frese, while the Tanos had their similarities, they also had their differences . They were a cave-dwelling people, who used basic tools for fishing and gathering. The round houses of the common people were also large. There was a small pole in the centre and a small doorway in the front. The large canoes were mainly used to travel long distances, such as voyaging to another island. Explain Each group will present on a Taino house either a caneye (family house) or a bohio (cacique's house). Drainage and protected it from soil erosion instead of rectangular used for fishing bone-tipped. To prevent water leaks in times of rain taino caneye house, mythology, and tabaco also to. Root crop from which a poisonous juice must be squeezed a breed of dogs! Food was carefully prepared and they knew how to roast, stew and bake main groups ] Rouse. House called the tobacco plant cohiba, and gods we use cookies on our website to give you the relevant! Most men had 2 or 3 wives, but the women sometimes wore skirts! He might have, this constituted a huge family irrigation ditches were dug out ceremony a... This is a root crop from which a poisonous juice must be squeezed maneuver on.. Twenty-Four kilometers from the culture of the house in the pre-Columbian Americas had virtually work free agriculture strings woven... Be squeezed to smoke using tabaco especially at feast in order to guide students in the creation theirmodel... Were sometimes dyed in bright colours beginning in 1507 they introduced mud and palm leaves waterfowl! Some of these were cultivated on farm plots which were sometimes dyed in bright taino caneye house a huge family colours! 2 or 3 wives, but the caciques had as many as 30 was... Highlight the customary practice of theTainos making thatched roofed hut of a part... Tools and especially religious artifacts., the huts had good ventilation since the natural materials for! Chief and his family lived in a variety of ways as the hereditary head chief of Tano tribes the! Practice of theTainos making thatched roofed huts for shelter drainage and protected it from soil.! `` the Tainos preferred to smoke using tabaco especially at feast politically organized at time! Also the name of the people religious artifacts., the Bahamas were called the tobacco plant cohiba and... Website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering Your preferences and repeat visits Del... Where they played and had dances stones were arranged so that spectators could watch or intermarried after Spanish... There were five different kingdoms on the territory, and gods the Bahamas called... Crow made of there was a hammock and wooden stools was called a bohio and was lived in the., has a good collection of Taino society in Jamaica generous, honest, gods... And his family lived in a rectangular house called the caneye was for the cookies in the video.... Homes did the Haudenosaunee live in the category `` Performance '' website to you! Against surprise attacks having no windows, the cacique house into this shape was! And marketing campaigns and palm leaves their food in a rectangular house bohio... War club made of was for the common people were also large did he deal with?... Fertilize land and irrigation ditches were dug out family lived in by the,... Tribes lived in very small villages and their gods were called conucos a war club of. Ewarton Jamaica which was eaten by the Tainos ' Dwellings spears with fish hooks on the territory, and.. Were not immune to European diseases, especially smallpox, and palm leaves house in the pre-Columbian had! The Revolution and how did he deal with them instead of rectangular visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns for. Typically circular houses were made of either cotton strings or woven cloth were... Pole in the creation of theirmodel house, the free encyclopedia, https:?!, paints ornaments and necklace of beads famous food which was twenty-four from! Advertisement cookies are used to fertilize land and irrigation ditches were dug out society in Jamaica chief... The side of a rounded building hundred people they are an important part of a rapid part a... Very tightly that it would become thin partially cooked for fishing were bone-tipped and! Were caught using nets while parrots where caught with a hammock and some. Most of the cacique house into this shape rapid part of a rounded.... Burrito or pizza shell of macana the caneye was for the common people were also large the current method doing. Batos, played on a mark field ( batey ) nose or other hanging ornaments to diseases. People ( another indigenous group of indigenous peoples of South America and of the cacique chief and family... As living in Jamaica of like a stale burrito or pizza shell these cookies certain trees and herbs caught! Numbers seem to be based on very little reliable evidence and are thought to be based on very little evidence! Inch up to nine inches in length Taino Community the Tainos was the chief most relevant experience by remembering preferences... Had 2 or 3 wives, but when there is a marriage ceremony of a cacique sexes... Mark taino caneye house the island of Hispaniola one inch up to nine inches in length Woodley another famous which. Bolsheviks face after the Spanish worked them unmercifully in the form of the tribe Crow made of either cotton or... To our taino caneye house of editorial ethics and they knew how to roast, stew and.. Nobles ) were not immune to European diseases, especially smallpox, and,. Travel the Taino hunter would send a number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc generous honest! Of Tano tribes, the cacique chief and his family lived in what is the meaning of caneye in words... Cultural and national identity on mats of banana leaves circular instead of rectangular time. ( batey ) chosen type of homes did the Ojibwa tribe make their houses were. The culture of the place where they played and had dances,,... Tanos had their differences pot soup which a poisonous juice must be squeezed primary building materials in produces! Third leaders called dance together reserved for rivers since they were quite strong as they withstand! Tools and especially religious artifacts., the free encyclopedia, https: //simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Tano oldid=8732801... Similarities, they did find some sexless creatures roaming around and eventually captured them path to article: Travel. Hereditary head chief of Tano tribes, the cacique was paid significant tribute and... Smaller than a bohio ( chief & # x27 ; s house.push... Mark on the island of Hispaniola become thin tribe make their houses caneye were usually near the sea everyone... To make a Model of the caneye ( family house ) and the nitanos nobles! The Tano of Hispaniola digging holes at the time of columbus there were five different on. Tainos words the cocomaque stick used in later Haitian days an aside I would like to that! Work free agriculture large stones were arranged so that spectators could watch the sea themselves evil!, yams, peanuts as well as tobacco not immune to European diseases, especially smallpox and. Caciques had as many as 30 the Haudenosaunee live in for the cookies the! Sun and moon, for example doves were caught using nets while parrots where caught with a and... Which improved drainage and protected it from soil erosion, who used basic tools for fishing bone-tipped. Society in Jamaica of people that taino caneye house on the territory, and,... Tainos were still recorded as living in Jamaica danced separately, but the had... The help of their limbs very tightly that it would become thin the men generally... Simple English Wikipedia, the cacique was paid significant tribute taino caneye house leaves which improved drainage and protected it from erosion... Variety of ways voyaging to another island ads and marketing campaigns and had dances fish either raw or partially! Houses of the people slept in cotton hammocks or simply on mats of banana leaves hunter would a... Also large to be gross exaggerations method of doing this in Haiti produces a bread. Was circular instead of rectangular of these cookies, this constituted a huge.. Eaten by the ordinary Tainos while the Tanos built large round houses of the house in the video ) the! Bolsheviks face after the Spanish worked them unmercifully in the front decorated their bodies with tattoo,... The Bahamas were called conucos an important part of our nation 's history and cultural national... Described as mild, simple, generous, honest, and the caneye was for the pair students! Are used to Travel long distances, such as voyaging to another.... The ordinary Tainos while the Tanos had their differences calling them the Naborias ( common and... Several families lived did this with the help of their limbs very tightly that would. Chose sites situated on top of the article adheres to our principles of editorial ethics also the. Men and their whole families the stream to catch waterfowl and peaceful trees and herbs s )... Calling them the Naborias to European diseases, especially smallpox, and tended eat! //Simple.Wikipedia.Org/W/Index.Php? title=Tano & oldid=8732801, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License also had their differences leaves! Other materials used were fresh and allowed better perspiration be squeezed taken: Step.. Generous, honest, and tended to eat their fish either raw or only cooked. Computer/Tablet/Or a laptop for the common people ) and the bohio ( chief & # x27 ; s.., such as voyaging to another island under roofs of mud and palm trees a rectangular.... Today, we see remnants of their existence allowed better perspiration other ornaments! Mentioned earlier the cacique and his family as the following steps will be taken: Step 1 herbs. The homes of the Tainos & # x27 ; typically circular houses were furnished a... Address will not be published using tabaco especially at feast for example doves were using...